United development of the vestibular lamina (VL) and dental lamina (DL) in the anterior mandible. This common origin of the VL and DL is supported by the discovery that both laminas in the anterior area form from a common Shh expressing domain in mice ( Hovorakova et al., 2016).ДЇigure 1. The complex relationship of the VL and DL in different parts of the jaw probably explains the different accounts of their development, and it appears likely that, at least in the anterior region of the human lower jaw, the VL and DL do share a common origin ( Bolk, 1921 Hovorakova et al., 2007). Interestingly, however, when viewed in 3D, the human VL is clearly discontinuous, integrating with the DL at distinct points along the jaw, and is therefore a much more complex structure than initially proposed ( Figures 1A, 2A Hovorakova et al., 2005, 2007). This view was based on histological sections of the upper jaw, where the VL appeared continuous throughout the jaw. Originally the relationship between the human embryonic VL and DL was represented in a classical вЂњhorseshoe-shape,вЂќ with the VL running in parallel on the outside of the DL. Although the VL and DL have a very close early relationship, the VL is largely ignored in odontogenetic studies. Tooth buds along the DL progress through bud, cap, and bell stages ( Tucker and Sharpe, 2004), while the neighboring VL opens up to create a cleft separating the lips and checks from the dental arch between the 12th and 14th week ( Coslet and Cohen, 1969). The various theories are summarized in Hovorakova et al. However, two independently forming laminas have also been described, with the VL forming before or after the DL ( Schour, 1929 Tonge, 1969 Nery et al., 1970). The thickening of the oral epithelium occurs approximately during the 6th week in human embryos, with a single lamina suggested to split to form two diverticula ( Bolk, 1921). These two laminas have been suggested to originate from a common oral epithelial thickening, which subdivides into the two laminas in the mouse ( PeterkovГЎ, 1985). The VL develops labially/buccally to the dental lamina (DL), which forms the dentition of the jaw. The oral vestibule has been proposed to have evolved to aid suckling, and as such is assumed to be a structure unique to mammals and the evolution of lactation. The vestibular lamina (VL) or lip furrow band is an embryonic structure that forms the oral vestibule (vestibulum oris), the gap in between the teeth and cheeks and lips.

This research forms an essential base to further explore developmental defects in this part of the oral cavity. Apoptosis is involved in removal of the central portion of the VL to create a broad furrow between the future cheek and gum. Changing expression of keratins highlight the differentiation patterns in the VL, with fissure formation linked to the onset of filaggrin. The VL then undergoes complex morphogenetic changes during development, forming a branched structure that separates to create the vestibule. In the anterior lower region, the two structures arise from the same epithelial thickening. Here, we assess the normal development of the VL in human embryos from 6.5 (CS19) to 13 weeks of development, showing the close relationship between the VL and DL, from initiation to differentiation. In some congenital disorders, such as Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome, development of the VL is disrupted and multiple supernumerary frenula form, physically linking the lips and teeth. Surprisingly, little is known about the development of the VL and its relationship to the adjacent dental lamina (DL), which forms the teeth.

The vestibular lamina (VL) is a transient developmental structure that forms the lip furrow, creating a gap between the lips/cheeks and teeth (oral vestibule). 3Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.2Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia.1Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, KingвЂ™s College London, London, United Kingdom.Teshima 1, Maria Hovorakova 2,3 and Abigail S.

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